The researchers hypothesised that being pregnant might alter the mammary gland's receptiveness to oestrogen and progesterone.
They wanted to know if this change might occur due to changes in chemical 'marks' that attach to DNA.
These marks – which are usually molecules of methyl (CH3) - are called epigenetic marks.
WHY BREASTFEEDING COULD REDUCE A WOMAN'S CHANCE OF BREAST CANCER Breastfeeding reduces a woman’s risk of dying from breast cancer by more than a quarter, according to a study.
It was also found to cut the likelihood of the disease coming back by 30 per cent.
Scientists believe that the protective effect is caused by a reduction in the levels of the hormone oestrogen,valor de la camiseta de barcelona, which is known to trigger cancer.
But although they have long known that breastfeeding prevents breast cancer,camiseta original real madrid 2013, this is the first study to show the extent to which it prevents tumours growing back.
Whether or not they are present in DNA can either prevent certain genes from being expressed,camiseta real madrid 2013 techfit, or promote their expression.
Using stem cells from mouse mammary glands, they found that the cells from mice who had previously been pregnant had marks that were 'substantially different' from the cells of mice of the same age that had never been pregnant.
The team also found that that becoming pregnant also erased many marks that are present throughout life leading up to pregnancy.
The marks bound to DNA in mammary epithelial cells at places near genes that need to be activated during pregnancy - specifically,camiseta de uruguay 2002, genes involved in making the breast cells divide, and lactation.
When they gave the mice who had previously been pregnant hormones which simulate a real pregnancy,camiseta portugal ni?o, they responded more rapidly than other,camiseta dela roma italia, never-pregnant mice given the same hormones.
In the previously pregnant mice, 'the mammary glands start expanding faster and also sooner than for those experiencing pregnancy hormones for the first time,' researchers said.
Camila dos Santos,camiseta barcelona 2013 replica, an assistant professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL),camiseta roma comprar, said: 'It's as if the gland already knows those hormones.'
When they analysed the same parts of the cells a year after 'pregnancy' (or exposure to pregnancy hormones),camiseta de colombia nueva 2013, the cells remained free of marks.

Pregnancy induces changes in the mammary glands (pictured),camiseta barcelona 2014 tailandia, where milk is produced,new england patriots jersey trade in, which mean they become more receptive to pregnancy-hormones progesterone and estrogen
Dr dos Santos, added: 'This means the memory of previous pregnancy is long-term.'
These findings have led to another important line of research.
It is well known that women who become pregnant by the age of 25 have substantially lower rates of breast cancer than women who bear children later in life or not at all.
It is possible the protection against cancer might be linked to the 'memory' of mammary cells the scientists discovered,camiseta dela seleccion chilena mujer, they said.
Dr dos Santos said she and her team are now trying to understand which changes to breast cells during pregnancy might prevent the development of breast cancer.
The results were published online in the journal Cell Reports.相关的主题文章：


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