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"Childhood exposure to [household cigarette smoking behavior] nearly doubled the risk of being current cigarette smokers compared to those who were never exposed. ... Our data suggest that children who grow up in a smoking household environment are more likely to initiate smoking through observation and imitation."
Exposure to smoking during childhood and adolescents was a factor for 40 percent of participants; consequently, 20 percent of all participants currently smoke cigarettes. According to the report, childhood exposure nearly doubled the risk of being a present-day smoker,bayern trikot beflocken lassen, compared those who've never been exposed to household smoke, that's in addition to sociodemographic and cultural factors (age, gender,arsenal trikot blau, education level, language preference and length of stay in the U.S.).
Cubans and Puerto Ricans were most likely to smoke in later life following early life exposure. They have the highest prevalence of exposure to household smoking as children (59 percent and 47 percent,arsenal trikot gr??e m, respectively),tottenham hotspur trikot 2013 14, and 26 percent of Cuban and 32 percent of Puerto Ricans became adult smokers, which is higher than other all other participants (20 percent).
According to Dr. Navas-Nacher, the U.S. carries stricter anti-smoking policies and lower levels of social acceptance of smoking than most Latin American nations. Also,neymar jr trikot brasilien 2014, the U.S. has more awareness of the negative health consequences of secondhand smoke. For that reason, even after years in the U.S.,bale trikot real madrid blau, Latinos were twice as likely to become smokers. Also, among all participants, men were twice as likely to be current smokers.
More than 13,000 adults (18-74) from Chicago, San Diego,deutschland ausw?rts trikot 2012 langarm, Miami and the Bronx who self-identified as being of Central American, Cuban,bayern trikot 2014 wann, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican or having a South American background,fc bayern trikotnummern 2012 13, filled out questionnaires that addressed smoking and exposure to household cigarette smoking behaviors. Most participants (73 percent) have lived in the U.S. for 10 years or more, and a majority (76 percent) of participant indicated that they prefer to communicate in Spanish. Also, 78 percent of participants stated they were foreign-born.
"While progress has been made in reducing exposure to [household cigarette smoking behavior] and cigarette smoking in the U.S. and Latin America, these findings suggest that additional efforts are needed to reduce home [household cigarette smoking behavior] exposure in Hispanics/Latinos in this country and abroad," Dr. Navas-Nacher said.
Forthcoming research should focus attention on Hispanic and Latino attitudes regarding household smoking, and how to develop effective tobacco-control programs,puma herren trikot bvb x mas, according to researchers.
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